It's been a long time since I posted blog content. The reason is that I've been busy with exams and language learning lately, and I haven't had the interest to write articles.
This blog post is about my ideal Anki language learning cards and the cards that I consider inadequate.
For individuals, it seems that the more knowledge one has, the more skilled and complex it becomes. The specific manifestation is a desperate attempt to cram all information onto a single card, resembling a neatly organized but unfocused note. As shown in the image (from some sellers of the Coca 20000 card gimmick set):
I have been studying Coca 20000 since 2020 for about a year, and I finished it (finishing means that all cards have a memory interval of more than 21 days, but unfortunately, not all definitions are precisely mastered). The cards I studied are similar, with a word on the front and a pile of hard-to-digest knowledge on the back. Although I have laid a certain foundation in English, I feel it is still far from enough. The reason is simple: I haven't mastered the various definitions, phrases, and spoken expressions atomically.
I have stopped studying Coca 20000 for over two years now. At that time, there was no FSRS4Anki algorithm, and missing a day of cards could easily pile up. When it piled up to the point of needing to review over 1000 words in a day, I couldn't finish and ended up deleting them.
Having talked about the cards I dislike, let me now discuss the cards I like. When memorizing vocabulary, it should center around example sentences. The front of the card should have an example sentence, pronunciation, word, and phonetic symbols; the back should have the example sentence, definition, and the corresponding word meaning in that example sentence, adhering to the principle of simplification.
The example card set from Longman 5 on PDawiki is worth recommending, up to about 17,000. There are many examples in Longman 5 without example sentences; those missing, as well as subsequent words, are generally relatively obscure, with fewer meanings, so I select the front word and the back definition as the card. Since the emergence of ChatGPT, I have been enriching how to do this, from having ChatGPT explain to generating Q&A based on the text, and then to ChatGPT dividing the text into the following table:
| English Definition | English Example | Chinese Example |
|---|---|---|
| To leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for | How could she abandon her own child? | 她怎么能抛弃自己的孩子呢？ |
| To go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay | We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way. | 我们只好弃车，步行走完剩下的路。 |
| To go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay | Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city. | 因为害怕还要受到袭击，大多数市民已逃离该市。 |
| To stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue | The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather. | 由于天气不好，比赛不得不中止。 |
| To stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue | They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle. | 他们放弃了夺回城堡的努力。 |
| To stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue | Because of the fog they abandoned their idea of driving. | 因为有雾，他们打消了开车去的念头。 |
| To stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude | Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors. | 营救人员对找到更多生还者已不抱任何希望。 |
| To stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude | They were accused of abandoning their socialist principles. | 他们被指责放弃了社会主义原则。 |
| abandon yourself to something, to feel an emotion so strongly that you let it control you completely | She abandoned herself to grief. | 她陷入悲痛之中，无法自拔。 |
| If someone does something with abandon, they behave in a careless or uncontrolled way, without thinking or caring about what they are doing | They drank and smoked with reckless abandon. | 他们纵情地喝酒抽烟，毫无顾忌。 |
| To stop doing or using something because it is too difficult or unsuccessful | The company abandoned its takeover bid. | (No Chinese example provided) |
| abandon ship, to leave an organization because you believe that it is going to fail soon | The chairman and most of the board members had already abandoned ship. | (No Chinese example provided) |
| abandon a case/claim/action etc, to no longer continue with a legal case etc | They decided to abandon their claim for damages. | (No Chinese example provided) |
The above is from the Longman dictionary.
Although this article is about learning foreign languages, I will let everyone see the definitions I have been working on recently for Wang Li's "Ancient Chinese":
| Text | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the fifth year of Duke Xi of Zuo Zhuan: "When the lips are gone, the teeth are cold," refers to the fear of Guo. | Teeth arranged in front of the lips. |
| Bai Juyi wrote to Yuan Jiu: "Before old age, the teeth turn white early." | Refers generally to teeth. |
| Mencius, Gongsun Chou: "Among the villagers, none are like teeth." | The growth and loss of human teeth mark the increase in age, so "teeth" also extends to mean age. |
| Yu Xin, Ai Jiangnan: "This is a flow of people, reaching the evening teeth." | The growth and loss of human teeth mark the increase in age, so "teeth" also extends to mean age. |
| Ouyang Xiu, Preface to the Collection of Su: "Zi Mei's teeth are fewer than mine." (Zi Mei: Su Shunqin's courtesy name.) | The growth and loss of human teeth mark the increase in age, so "teeth" also extends to mean age. |
| In the eleventh year of Duke Yin of Zuo Zhuan: "If I go to Xue in the morning, I dare not compare with the clans of Ren." (Xue is a surname of Ren. "Zhu Ren" refers to the same surname state of Xue.) | Arranged, listed. |
| Han Yu, Teacher's Discourse: "Witches, doctors, musicians, and craftsmen, gentlemen do not regard them as teeth." | Refers to the same kind, category. |
| "Not regarded as teeth by others," means | "Not regarded as the same kind by others." |
| [Distinction] Teeth, teeth. | "Teeth" refers to the large teeth at the back of the jaw, while "teeth" refers to the teeth arranged in front. Therefore, "when the lips are gone, the teeth are cold" cannot be said as "when the lips are gone, the teeth are cold." The various extended meanings of "teeth" do not include "teeth." |
| Book of Rites, Music Record: "The gentleman listens to the sound of drums and war drums, then thinks of the ministers who lead." | War drums. Often used together with drums, indicating the drums of marching. Also indicates war. |
| Bai Juyi, Song of Eternal Regret: "The drums of Yuyang come to the ground, startling the melody of the feathered dress." | War drums. Often used together with drums, indicating the drums of marching. Also indicates war. |
| Du Fu, Poem of Leaving the City: "The old country still has soldiers, and other places also have drums." | War drums. Often used together with drums, indicating the drums of marching. Also indicates war. |
| Analects, Advanced: "The young man can beat the drum and attack." | Noun. Drum. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Second Year of Duke Cheng: "The ears and eyes of the army are in our flag drum." | Noun. Drum. |
| Book of Songs, Tang Feng, Mountain Has a Pivot: "You have a bell drum, do not drum, do not strike." (Strike: to hit.) | Verb. To beat the drum. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Tenth Year of Duke Zhuang: "The duke will beat the drum." | Specifically refers to beating the drum to march, to initiate an attack. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Twenty-second Year of Duke Xi: "Not beating, not forming a line." | The army not attacking has not formed a line. |
| Mencius, Liang Hui Wang: "Suddenly beating the drum." | Specifically refers to beating the drum to march, to initiate an attack. |
| Book of Songs, Lesser 雅，White Flower: "Beat the drum in the palace." | Extended to mean striking [musical instruments]. |
| Book of Changes, Li Gua: "Not beating the drum and singing." | Extended to mean striking [musical instruments]. |
| Book of Songs, Lesser 雅，Deer Cry: "Beat the drum, blow the sheng." | Play [string instruments]. |
| Analects, Advanced: "Beat the zither, rare." | Play [string instruments]. |
| Sima Qian, Report to Ren An: "When Zhongzi Qi died, Bo Ya never played the zither again." | Play [string instruments]. |
| Book of Changes, Xi Ci: "Beat and dance to exhaust the spirit." | Vibrate, make vibrate. |
| Zhuangzi, Thief Zhi: "Shake lips and beat tongue, creating right and wrong." | Vibrate, make vibrate. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Twenty-ninth Year of Duke Zhao: "One beats iron to cast the punishment cauldron." | Specifically refers to blowing to smelt iron. |
| Historical Records, Biography of Merchants: "Beat iron to cast." | Specifically refers to blowing to smelt iron. |
| Li Hua, Poem of Mourning the Ancient Battlefield: "Dark and desolate, the wind is sad and the sun is dim." | Deep black, dim and colorless. |
| Liu Yong, Poem of the Jade Butterfly: "Darkly looking at each other, in the sound of the broken swan, standing in the slanting sun." | Extended to mean losing color, looking dejected. |
| [Darkly] | A look of sadness and loss of color. Jiang Yan's farewell poem: "The one who is darkly soul-stirring is only the parting." Also refers to a look of losing luster. Liu Yuxi's poem of nostalgia for Xisai Mountain: "The royal energy of Jinling is darkly collected." |
| [Darkly] | A look of sorrow and melancholy. Wei Yingwu's poem to Li Dan: "Spring sorrow darkly sleeps alone." Su Shi's poem of Eternal Encounter: "Darkly dreaming clouds startled and broke." |
| Analects, Yong Ye: "Is it to be with your neighbors and villagers?" | In ancient times, five hundred families formed a party. |
| Zi Lu: "The clan is called filial, the village party is called brother." | In ancient times, five hundred families formed a party. |
| Book of Rites, Fang Ji: "Harmony with the parents' party." | Relatives, in-laws. Previously referred to as "father's party," "mother's party," "wife's party," etc. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Twenty-first Year of Duke Xiang: "All are from the clan of Luan." | Group, members of the group. |
| Han Shu, Biography of Huo Guang: "Later, those who conspired with Jie had slandered Guang." | People of the same party. |
| Shang Shu, Hong Fan: "No bias, no party." | Extended to mean favoritism, bias, based on personal relationships. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Third Year of Duke Xiang: "Select its bias, do not be a party." | Extended to mean favoritism, bias, based on personal relationships. |
| Note: In ancient Chinese, when "party" refers to a group, it is generally used in a derogatory sense, hence extended to mean favoritism. | |
| [Distinction] Party, party. | The two characters are different in ancient times. Although both are surnames, "party" is pronounced zhǎng, while "党" is pronounced dàng (now pronounced in the upper tone). The name of the ancient minority in our country (the Western Qiang's "different kind") "党项" is not pronounced as "党." |
| Wenxin Diaolong, Beautiful Words: "How can I engage in beautiful words, and respond to you?" | Paired, couple, in pairs. |
| Wenxin Diaolong, Beautiful Words: "Then every word is paired." | Paired, couple, in pairs, this meaning is also written as "丽." |
| Zhou Yi, Li Gua: "The sun and moon are beautiful in the sky, and the hundred grains and plants are beautiful in the soil." | Attached. In modern times, there is a disyllabic word "附丽." |
| Cao Pi, Discussion on Literature: "The words and verses want to be beautiful." | Gorgeous. |
| Shen Yue, Commentary on Xie Lingyun: "Although the clear words and beautiful tunes are sometimes expressed in the text." | Gorgeous. |
| Wenxin Diaolong, Emotion and Color: "Those who write are indulgent in beauty and excessive." | Gorgeous. |
| Du Fu, Beautiful People: "There are many beautiful people by the water in Chang'an." | Extended to mean beauty, pretty. Specifically refers to female beauty. |
| [Distinction] Beauty, beauty. | In meanings like "beautiful," "gorgeous," these two are synonyms. However, "beautiful" has a narrower application, often indicating specific things, and is limited to visual aspects such as clothing, palaces, utensils, appearance, and colors, like "绚丽，" "都丽，" "秀丽，" etc. "Beauty," on the other hand, is different; it can express various sensory aspects and can be used for both concrete and abstract things, with a very broad application. |
| Book of Songs, Greater 雅，Han Yi: "Steamed turtle and fresh fish." | Read xiān. Fresh fish. Compared to dried fish. |
| Book of Rites, Qu Li: "Dried fish is called Shang Ji, fresh fish is called Luo Ji." (Dried: same as "dried." Dried.) | Read xiān. Fresh fish. Compared to dried fish. |
| Laozi, Chapter 60: "Governing a large country is like cooking small fresh fish." | Read xiān. Fresh fish. Compared to dried fish. |
| Yi Li, Shi Hun Li: "The sacrifice must use fresh." (Sacrifice: dried meat.) | Extended to mean fresh. |
| Wenxin Diaolong, Object Color: "Brightly colored peach blossoms are fresh." | Bright, vivid. |
| Analects, Learning: "As for a person, they are filial and brotherly, but those who like to offend are few." | Read xiǎn. Few. |
| Book of Songs, Greater 雅，Dang: "There is no beginning, few can have an end." | Read xiǎn. Few. |
| Han Yu, Sending Li Yuan Back to Pan Gu: "Residents are few." | Read xiǎn. Few. |
| Zhuangzi, Free and Easy Wandering: "Now one morning selling skills for a hundred gold, please give it to me." | Read yù. Sell. |
| Book of Songs, Qin Feng, Morning Wind: "The north forest is lush." | Lush appearance. |
| Zuo Si, Poem of Historical Poems: "Lush at the bottom of the stream." | Lush appearance. |
| Su Shi, Poem of the Red Cliff: "Mountains and rivers intertwine, lush and green." | Lush appearance. |
| [Lush] Du Fu's poem from Beijing to Fengxian County, expressing feelings in five hundred characters: "The air of the Jade Pool is lush." | The smoke rises very abundantly. |
| Chu Ci, Ai Ying: "Sad and lush, but not smooth." | The appearance of being stagnant and uncommunicative. |
| Han Shu, Biography of Lu Wenshu: "Loyal and good words, all lush in the chest." | The appearance of being stagnant and uncommunicative, also used as a verb. |
| Sima Qian, Report to Ren An: "These people all have their thoughts lush and cannot communicate their path." | The appearance of being stagnant and uncommunicative, also used as a verb. |
| Han Yu, Sending Meng Dongye: "Joy is lush in the heart and leaks out." | The appearance of being stagnant and uncommunicative, also used as a verb. |
| Su Shi, Jia Yi's discussion: "Entangled and lush, with a distant ambition." | The appearance of being stagnant and uncommunicative, also used as a verb. |
| [Lush City] [Yin Lush] [Depressed Lush] [One Lush] | A series of double-syllable words. The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. In Chu Ci, Li Sao: "The heart is lush and uncommunicative." Jia Yi's poem mourning Qu Yuan: "Who can speak to the lonely lush?" (In Han Shu, it is written as "One Lush.") Sima Qian's report to Ren An: "Therefore, the lonely lush, who can speak to?" Xiao Tong's preface to the literary selection: "The noble intention is already hurt, and the one lush's heart has no one to express." |
| Jia Yi's poem mourning Qu Yuan: "The lonely lush, who can speak to?" (In Han Shu, it is written as "One Lush.") | The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. |
| Sima Qian's report to Ren An: "Therefore, the lonely lush, who can speak to?" | The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. |
| Xiao Tong's preface to the literary selection: "The noble intention is already hurt, and the one lush's heart has no one to express." | The appearance of sorrow and melancholy. |
| Mencius, Wan Zhang: "Lush and thinking of you." | A series of double-syllable words. The appearance of longing. |
| Wenxin Diaolong, Emotion and Color: "The disciples are not lush." | A series of double-syllable words. The appearance of longing. |
| Mencius, Gongsun Chou: "Zi Xia, Zi You, and Zi Zhang all have the body of a sage, while Ran Niu, Min Zi, and Yan Yuan have the body and are subtle." (Body: possessing all parts of the body.) | Parts of the body, such as head, hands, feet, shoulders, back, thighs, etc. |
| Historical Records, Biography of Xiang Yu: "Wang Yi took his head, ... the last of the middle riders Yang Xi, riding Sima Lu, the middle rider Lu Sheng, and Yang Wu each got one body; the five people gathered their bodies, all are." | Parts of the body. |
| Book of Rites, Li Yun: "Body the dogs, pigs, cows, and sheep." | As a verb, it means to disassemble the body into parts, to dismember. |
| Chu Ci, Li Sao: "Although the body is disassembled, I still have not changed." | To disassemble the body into parts, to dismember. |
| Analects, Weizi: "Four bodies are not diligent." | Specifically refers to hands and feet. |
| Wenxin Diaolong, Beautiful Words: "Creation gives shape, the body must be double." (Body: limbs.) | Hands and feet. |
| Mencius, Gaozi: "Labor the muscles and bones, starve the skin and body." | Generally refers to the body. |
| Han Shu, Biography of Huo Guang: "To remove illness, one must know early to be a great person's body." | Body. |
| Sima Qian, Report to Ren An: "Ancient and modern are one body, where is the disgrace?" | [One body] is roughly equivalent to modern "the same." |
| Book of Changes, Xi Ci: "Therefore, the spirit has no form and the easy has no body." | Shape, form. |
| Book of Songs, Wei Feng, Man: "You divined and you divined, the body has no blame." (Body: the hexagram body, the hexagram image.) | Omen, sign. |
| Shen Yue, Commentary on Xie Lingyun: "From Han to Wei, more than four hundred years, the talented and gifted, the literary body has changed three times." | Body system, genre. |
| Xiao Tong, Preface to the Literary Selection: "The body of ancient poetry, now all takes the name of the poem." | The form of the text, genre. |
| Book of Rites, Zhong Yong: "Respect the great ministers, and body the ministers." Also: "Body the ministers, then the scholars' return of courtesy is heavy." | As a verb, it means to analyze by putting oneself in their place, to empathize. The later meanings of "体会，" "体谅，" "体恤，" etc., are derived from this. |
| Book of Songs, Lesser 雅，Four Horses: "Carrying swiftly." (Swiftly qīnqīn, the appearance of horses running fast.) | Horses running. |
| Book of Songs, Lesser 雅，Four Horses: "Carrying swiftly." | Swiftly qīnqīn, the appearance of horses running fast. |
| Laozi, Chapter 23: "Sudden rain does not last a day." | Extended to mean fast. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Second Year of Duke Xuan: "Xuanzi repeatedly admonished." | Repeatedly. |
| Strategies of the Warring States, Zhao Strategy One: "Xiangzi arrived at the bridge and the horse was startled." | The horse ran wildly due to fear. |
| Mei Cheng's letter to admonish King Wu: "The horse was startled, beat and startled it." | The horse ran wildly due to fear. |
| Cao Zhi, Poem of the Goddess of the Luo: "Like a startled swan." | Extended to mean the startled state of animals. |
| Wang Bo, Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng: "The wild geese are startled by the cold." | Extended to mean the startled state of animals. |
| Han Shu, Biography of Huo Guang: "All the ministers were startled and lost color." | Human shock, shaken by unexpected events. |
| Jia Yi, Discussion on Accumulation: "How can one be in danger for the world and not be startled!" | Human shock, shaken by unexpected events. |
| Tao Qian, Poem of Jing Ke: "The merchant's sound flows tears, the feather plays the warrior's shock." | Extended to mean emotions being stirred or disturbed (later uprising). |
| Du Fu, Poem of Spring Hope: "Hate the parting, the birds startle the heart." | Extended to mean emotions being stirred or disturbed (later uprising). |
| Bai Juyi, Song of Eternal Regret: "Hearing that the Han emperor sends an envoy, the dream soul is startled in the nine flower tent." | Extended to mean emotions being stirred or disturbed (later uprising). |
| [Distinction] Startle, fear, dread, fright. | These four words should be divided into two categories: "fear," "dread," and "fright" belong to one category, while "startle" stands alone. The distinction between "dread" and "fright" has been seen in the first volume (page 87) of the General Theory of Ancient Chinese. "Fear" and "fright" are synonyms, but "fear" is more serious, often used to indicate a great disaster approaching, causing panic. Zuo Zhuan, Year 26 of Duke Xi: "The room is like a dried well, and the fields have no green grass, what do you rely on to not fear?" In modern times, there is a disyllabic word "terror." The main characteristic of "startle" is sudden sensation; it does not necessarily indicate fear. An external stimulus that causes inner turmoil is called a startle. "The feather plays the warrior's startle," not only does not mean fear, but on the contrary, the warrior is inspired by the music, becoming more generous and passionate. These meanings are not possessed by "fear," "dread," and "fright." |
| Book of Songs, Lesser 雅，Cai Zhu: "Carrying the chariot and the four horses." | Three horses drive one chariot. |
| Chu Ci, Guo Shang: "Left horse is injured, right blade is wounded." | Specifically refers to the horses on both sides. |
| Book of Songs, Wei Feng, Shuo Ren: "Four stallions are proud." (Stallions: male horses.) | The appearance of horses being tall and strong. |
| Li Hua, Poem of Mourning the Ancient Battlefield: "The main general is proud of the enemy, and the gate is ready for battle." | Self-satisfied, arrogant. |
| Du Mu, Poem of the Epang Palace: "The heart of a tyrant grows more and more proud." | Self-satisfied, arrogant. Now there is the idiom "beware of arrogance and impatience." |
| [Distinction] Proud, arrogant. | "Proud" is self-satisfied, a psychological state; "arrogant" is rudeness, a behavioral expression. |
| Book of Songs, Greater 雅，Chang Wu: "Xu Fang is disturbed." | Disturb, agitate. Xu Fang: a minority tribe in the Jianghuai area during the Zhou dynasty. |
| Liu Zongyuan, Reply to Wei Zhongli's Discussion on the Teacher's Way: "Morning and evening disturb my ears, agitate my heart." | Disturb, agitate. Indicates that sounds or information disturb one's mood. |
| Xiao Tong, Literary Selection has "disturb" types. | A type of poetry. Named after Qu Yuan's "Li Sao." Includes Chu Ci and later imitations of Chu Ci. |
| Wenxin Diaolong, Distinguishing "Disturb": "In the past, Emperor Wu of Han loved "Disturb," and Huainan made a biography." | Specifically refers to Chu Ci. Indicates a type of poetry, its influence reaching Zhuangzi and others. |
| [Disturber] | Poets of the "disturb" type. Xiao Tong's preface to the literary selection: "The writings of the disturb people began from now." Extended to mean general poets. Fan Zhongyan's "Record of the Pavilion of Yueyang": "Exiled guests and disturb people often meet here." |
| "Wind and disturb" used together refers to | The Book of Songs and Chu Ci. |
| Historical Records, Biography of Xiang Yu: "The fine horse is named Xue, often riding it." | Riding [horse]. |
| Historical Records, Biography of Xiang Yu: "The Duke came to see Xiang Wang with more than a hundred riders." | Read jì, falling tone. Cavalry. |
| Again, Wei's Martial Marquis Biography: "Only two people and more than ten slaves rode into the Wu army." | Read jì, falling tone. Cavalry. |
| Gao Shi, Poem of the Yan Song: "The Hu cavalry relies on the ridge in the wind and rain." | Read jì, falling tone. Cavalry. |
| Analects, Yan Yuan: "The four horses cannot match the tongue." | Four horses drive one chariot. |
| Strategies of the Warring States, Qi Strategy Four: "In the world, there are no fine horses or ears, the king's chariots are already prepared." | Four horses drive one chariot. |
| Analects, Ji Shi: "Duke Jing of Qi has a thousand horses." | Measure word. |
| Strategies of the Warring States, Qi Strategy Four: "Two chariots of literature." | Measure word. |
| Wang Bo, Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng: "The curtain is temporarily stopped." | The chariot and horse stop. |
| Du Fu, Poem of Parting from the Tomb of Minister Fang: "Stop the horse and say goodbye to the lonely grave." | The chariot and horse stop. |
| Jiang Kui, Poem of Yangzhou: "Untie the saddle and stop at the beginning of the journey." | The chariot and horse stop. |
| Records of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Records, Biography of Zhuge Liang: "Lead the troops north to camp in Hanzhong." | In ancient times, marching often used chariots and horses, so it specifically refers to the army's stay, to camp. |
| Records of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Records, Biography of Zhuge Liang: "Therefore, dividing the troops to farm, laying the foundation for a long stay." | In ancient times, marching often used chariots and horses, so it specifically refers to the army's stay, to camp. |
| Su Shi, Poem of the Cave Palace: "Do not use gold and dan to 苦驻颜." | Extended to mean to retain. Generally only used in "驻颜." |
| Han Shu, Biography of Li Shiqi: "Take the use of the surplus to feed more than seventy cities." | Read píng. Depend on. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Fifth Year of Duke Xi: "What the gods depend on will be in virtue." | Early means to depend on, rely on. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Year Seven of Duke Ai: "Rely on its multitude." | This meaning later became written as "凭，" "凭." |
| Zhou Li, Summer Official, Grand Marshal: "Rely on the weak to invade the few." | Read píng. Infringe. |
| [Feng Ling] | Infringe. Yu Xin, Ai Jiangnan: "Feng Ling Ji Dian." |
| Feng as a place name | Read féng. The name of a county in the Qin and Han dynasties, "Feng Yi," in today's Dali County, Shaanxi. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Year Twelve of Duke Xuan: "Then hastily advance the troops, the chariots rush and the soldiers flee." (The horse drives the chariot fast, the soldiers flee.) | Horses running fast. |
| Zhuangzi, Autumn Water: "Fine horses, one day they can run a thousand miles." | Horses running fast. |
| Zuo Zhuan, Tenth Year of Duke Zhuang: "The duke will chase them." Specifically refers to driving horses to pursue the enemy. | Drive horses to pursue the enemy. |
| Year Two of Duke Cheng: "Do not use horses to chase them." Also means to make the horse run fast. | Make the horse run fast. |
| Mencius, Teng Wengong: "Good horses test swords." | Make the horse run fast. |
| Han Shu, Biography of Zhou Yafu: "From the emperor's labor to Ba Shang and the army at Jimen, directly rushing in." | Make the horse run fast. |
| There is an idiom "wind rushes and lightning strikes." | Swift action. |
| Han Shi Wai Zhuan: "Fame rushes to later generations." | Spread, circulate. |
| Meng Haoran, Poem of Spring Swallows: "The heroic name rushes daily." | Spread, circulate. |
| Sui Shu, Biography of Shi Xiang: "Being in the corner, the feelings rush to the Wei palace." (Wei palace: also called Xiang Wei. The palace where the emperor resides.) | Longing, rushing towards. |
| [Distinction] Rush, drive. | The two are synonyms, both meaning horses running fast and urging horses to run fast. For example, in the Book of Songs, "载馳载驱" both mean horses running fast, while "无敢驰驱" means to make them run fast (meaning to indulge). However, later the character "驰" mainly developed along the meaning of "running fast," thus extending to "swift action" (like "风驰电掣"), "circulation" (like "名驰宇宙"), etc. The character "驱" focuses on the meaning of "making run fast," thus gradually extending to usages like "策驱，" "驱使，" "驱逐，" and "驱除." The two have become distinctly different. |
| Book of Songs, Zhou Song, Liang Si: "Their food is millet." | Sending food to those working in the fields. |
| Mencius, Teng Wengong: "There are boys who use millet and meat." | Sending food to those working in the fields. |
| Wang Wei, Poem of Accumulated Rain in Wangchuan Village: "Steaming millet and cooking millet to feed the eastern fields." | Sending food to those working in the fields. |
| Su Shi, Poem in the New City Road: "Boiling sunflowers and roasting garlic to feed the spring plowing." | Sending food to those working in the fields. |
| Han Shu, Biography of Gaozu: "Fill the country, care for the people, provide food and supplies, and do not cut off the grain road; I am not as good as Xiao He." | Providing military supplies, materials. |
| Tang Shu, Records of Food and Goods: "The taxes of the world, salt profits account for half, the palace's clothing, military supplies, and the salaries of officials all depend on it." | Providing military supplies, materials. |
| Later generations have disyllabic words like "military supplies," "grain supplies," etc. | Providing military supplies, materials. |
| "Supplies" how to pronounce? | Old pronunciation is "亮切，" "商去声"; also "书两切，" pronounced "赏." Now read xiǎng. |
| Historical Records, Biography of Chen Chengxiang: "With abundant supplies, the road widens daily." | Rich, abundant. |
| Luoyang Qielan Ji, Kai Shan Temple: "Living in the lush forest." | Rich, abundant. |
| Wu Jun and Gu Zhang's letter: "偏饶 bamboo fruits." | Extended to mean many. |
| Bao Zhao's poem imitating "Difficult Road": "The sun and moon flow, not forgiving." | Forgive, tolerate, pardon (later uprising). |
| Analects, Advanced: "Due to famine." | The grains are not mature, a year of famine. |
| Also Yan Yuan: "Years of famine, insufficient use." | The grains are not mature, a year of famine. |
| [Distinction] Hunger, famine. | "Hunger" and "famine" have different ancient pronunciations (hunger belongs to the fat department, famine belongs to the micro department); they are neither variant characters nor interchangeable characters. "Hunger" is used for "hungry," while "famine" is used for "famine," which is significant. In Zuo Zhuan, "famine" and "hunger" are never confused, and in Mencius, the character "famine" is sometimes used to mean "hungry," but the character "hunger" is never used to mean "famine." In the Middle Ages, "hunger" and "famine" had the same pronunciation, which gradually led to confusion. |
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